Clinical Psychology Paper Essay Example

Clinical Psychology Paper Essay Running head: Clinical Psychology Paper Clinical Psychology Paper Launita D. Joseph University of Phoenix Clinical Psychology Paper When psychology is mentioned one will think about the study of the mind. Several topics may be discussed under psychology. Psychology is a discipline that involves the scientific study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors. However, clinical psychology is integrated with theory, science, and practice to understand, predict, and remove maladjustment, discomfort, and also to promote humans to adapt, adjust, and improve personal development (American Psychological Association, Division 12, 2009). Within this paper one will locate the history and evolving nature of clinical counseling psychology and the role of research and statistics in clinical counseling psychology. Clinical psychology is the most popular of all areas of psychology. Clinical psychology came about in 1896 when Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) opened the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Witmer’s undergraduate studies were completed in 1888 at the University of Pennsylvania. Later in 1892, Witmer earned his PhD at the University of Leipzig in psychology, under Wilhelm Wundt. Witmer became the director of the psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania after receiving his doctoral studies (Plante, 2005). Witmer’s practical application of psychology expanded the clinical applications to begin treating various mental health disorders. Clinicus is a Latin word that derived clinic. Clinical psychology is concerned with treating sick patients. With all saying, clinical psychology is the teaching about, researching about, or the treatment of a patient with mental health disorders. We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Psychology Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Psychology Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Psychology Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Clinical psychology continued to grow and became influenced by psychoanalysis that focuses on the unconscious functions. The different forms of clinical treatment that was brought out in the mid 20th century with associations and reactions against psychoanalysis, which is now called psychotherapy (Richmond, 2009). In December 1896, the American Psychological Association had a plan of practical work in psychology. The plan of organization consisted of: †¢The investigation of the belief that mental development in school children has shown more in mental and moral retardation, by the means of statistical and clinical methods. A psychological clinic, with help from a training school in the nature of a hospital school treats all classes of children who suffer from retardation or physical defects that interfere with school progress. †¢The offering of practical work to those that work in the field of teaching and medicine, and those who are interested in social work, in the observ ation, and training of normal and retarded children. †¢New students who are interested in the field of psychological work with the school system, through the examination and treatment of mentally and morally retarded children, or who are connected to the practice of medicine (Green, Unknown). In 1897, the department of psychology in the university of Pennsylvania put a four week course together that was given daily under the auspices of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching. A course in child psychology was given to show the different methods of child psychology especially the clinical method, in addition to lectures and laboratory courses in experimental and physiological psychology. Children who came to the clinic suffered from defects of the ear, eye, motor ability, or in attention, and memory (Green, Unknown). With clinical psychology, the psychologist’s are employed in settings such as business, government, industry, or nonprofit organizations, provide training, conducting researches, designing organizational systems, and act as advocates for psychology. Clinical psychologist’s formulated hypotheses and gather their data to test the validity of the research. The research methods vary with what observation is studied. Some psychologists gather information from controlled laboratory experiments or by administering personality, aptitude, intelligence, or performance tests. Psychologists also have methods that include observations, questionnaires, clinical studies, interviews, and surveys. A psychologist will apply his or her knowledge to a wide range of topics, including human and health services, management, law, education, and sports. Usually psychologists specialize in many different areas (United States Department of Labor, 2009). With knowing that clinical psychology is one of the most studied areas in psychology, one should know there is a large amount of information available in that field. Clinical psychology was studied in early years and has expanded to several other fields in the line of clinical psychology. If one chooses work in this field of study, research is important because new techniques may evolve and should be used in order to produce effective work with clients. References American Psychological Association, Division 12. (2009). Society of clinical Psychology. About clinical Psychology. Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from http://www. apa. org/divisions/div12/aboutcp. html Green, C. D. (Unknown). Classics in the History of Psychology. Clinical Psychology. York University, Toronto, Ontario Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from http://psychclassics. yorku. ca/Witmer/clinical. htm Plante, T. G. (2005). Contemporary Clinical Psychology. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Richmond, R. L. (2009). A Guide to Psychology and its Practice. Psychology: Clinical and counseling – and Licensure. Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from Http://www. guidetopsychology. com/cln_cns. htm United States Department of Labor. (2009). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Edition. Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm

Superorder Dictyoptera, Roaches and Mantids

Superorder Dictyoptera, Roaches and Mantids Dictyoptera means network wings, referring to the visible network of veins present in the wings of this order. The superorder Dictyoptera includes orders of insects related by evolution and features: Blattodea (sometimes called Blattaria), the cockroaches, and Mantodea, the mantids. That being said, the world of science is ever-evolving, and taxonomy is no exception. This branch of the insect taxonomic tree is currently under revision. Some insect taxonomists also group termites in the superorder Dictyoptera. In some entomology references, the Dictyoptera may be ranked at the order level, with the mantids and roaches listed as suborders. Description: Perhaps no other pairing of insects seems as unlikely as cockroaches and mantids of the order Dictyoptera. Cockroaches are almost universally reviled, while mantids, also called praying mantises, are often revered. Taxonomists rely only on physical and functional characteristics to determine groups of like insects, however. Compare a cockroach and a mantid, and youll notice both have leathery forewings. Called tegmina, these wings are held like a roof over the abdomen. Roaches and mantids have long and spiny middle and hind legs. Their feet, or tarsi, nearly always have five segments. Dictyopterans use chewing mouthparts to consume their food, and have long, segmented antennae. Both cockroaches and mantids also share a few anatomical features that you would only see through close examination and dissection, but theyre important clues to establishing the relationship between these seemingly different insect groups. Insects have a platelike sternite near the end of their abdomens, under the genitalia, and in the Dictyoptera, this genital plate is enlarged. Roaches and mantids also share a special digestive system structure. Between the foregut and midgut, they have a gizzard-like structure called a  proventriculus, and in the Dictyoptera the  proventriculus has internal teeth that break down solid bits of food before sending them along the alimentary canal. Finally, in roaches and mantids, the tentorium – a skull-like structure in the head that cradles the brain and gives the head capsule its form – is perforated. Members of this order undergo incomplete or simple metamorphosis with three stages of development: egg, nymph, and adult. The female lays eggs in groups, then encases them in foam which hardens into a protective capsule, or ootheca. Habitat and Distribution: The superorder Dictyoptera contains nearly 6,000 species, distributed worldwide. Most species live in terrestrial habitats in the tropics. Major Families in the Superorder: Blattidae - Oriental and American cockroachesBlattellidae- German and wood cockroachesPolyphagidae - desert cockroachesBlaberidae - giant cockroachesMantidae - mantids Dictyopterans of Interest: Blatta orientalis, the Oriental cockroach, gains access to homes through plumbing pipes.The brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, is called the TV roach. It likes to hide inside warm electronic appliances.Brown-hooded cockroaches (Cryptocercus punctulatus) live in family groups. Females give birth to live young; the nymphs take 6 years to reach maturity.The Mediterranean mantid takes its scientific name, Iris oratoria from an unusual marking on the underside of its wing. Literally, the name means talking eye, a smart description of the eyespot which is displayed when the mantid feels threatened. Sources: Dictyoptera, Kendall Bioresearch Services. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton Kenn KaufmanDictyoptera, Tree of Life Web. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Evolution of the Insects, by David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel.External Anatomy - The Insects Head, by John R. Meyer, North Carolina State University Department of Entomology. Accessed online November 9, 2015.Unlikely Sisters – Roaches and  Mantises, by Nancy Miorelli, Ask an Entomologist website. Accessed online November 9, 2015.