Parallel Arrays free essay sample

A variety of structures are typically proportional to resemble varieties of the segments. For instance, if every understudy record comprises of an ID number and a GPA esteem, at that point a rundown of understudies can be spoken to as a variety of structure: similar information can be put away as two clusters that corresponding to one another, as in a similar file in them show information for a similar understudy: Usually the principal way is progressively common and helpful. Points of interest and impediments Against Arrays Compared to clusters, connected information structures permit greater adaptability in sorting out the information and in apportioning space for it. With clusters, we should pick a size for our exhibit for the last time; this can be an expected misuse of memory. A connected Data structure is fabricated progressively and never should be greater than the software engineer requires. It additionally requires no speculating regarding how much space you should designate when utilizing a connected information structure. We will compose a custom paper test on Equal Arrays or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This is a component that is Key in sparing squandered memory. The hubs of a connected information structure can likewise be moved independently to various areas without influencing the legitimate associations between them, in contrast to clusters. With due consideration, a procedure can add or erase hubs to one piece of an information structure even while different procedures are taking a shot at different parts. Then again, access to a specific hub in a connected information structure requires following a chain of references that put away in it. On the off chance that the structure has n hubs, and every hub contains all things considered b joins, there will be a few hubs that can't be reached in under log b n steps. For some structures, a few hubs may require most pessimistic scenario up to n - 1 stages. Interestingly, many exhibit information structures permit access to any component with a consistent number of activities, autonomous of the quantity of passages. General Disadvantages Linked information structures additionally may likewise acquire in considerable memory designation overhead (if hubs are allotted independently) and disappoint memory paging nd processor storing calculations (since they by and large have poor territory of reference). At times, connected information structures may likewise utilize more memory (for the connection fields) than contending exhibit structures. This is on the grounds that connected information structures are not adjacent. Examples of information can be discovered all over in memory, i n contrast to exhibits. In some hypothetical models of calculation that authorize the limitations of connected structures, for example, the pointer machine, numerous issues require a bigger number of steps than in the unconstrained arbitrary access machine model.

When Is the FAFSA Deadline for 2019 Federal and State

When Is the FAFSA Deadline for 2019 Federal and State SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips To be considered for government monetary guide, you should finish and present the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. Most states, schools, and colleges additionally utilize the FAFSA to grant different kinds of institutional money related guide, including state-and school supported budgetary guide, for example, awards, instructive advances, and work-study programs. On the off chance that you don’t get your FAFSA presented by the cutoff time, you may be passing up free cash. Don’t do that. Ensure you know all the material government, state, and school cutoff times. Get that cash! In this article, we'll talk about when you ought to present the FAFSA and how to guarantee you don't miss any significant cutoff times. We'll likewise clarify the money related guide process after you present your FAFSA. When Are Federal FAFSA Deadlines? You can document a FAFSA for the 2018-2019 school year whenever between October 1, 2017, and June 30, 2019. Online applications must be put together by 12 PM Central Time on June 30, 2019.Any rectifications or updates must be presented by 12 PM Central Time on September 14, 2019. For the 2019-2020 school year, you can document whenever from October 1, 2018, to June 30, 2020.Once once more, applications must be presented by 12 PM Central Time on the last date. Amendments or updates must be presented by September 12, 2020. In case you're applying to school this year (which means you'd start in fall 2019), you ought to present your FAFSA as quickly as time permits certainly by summer-to comply with state and school time constraints and to augment the measure of help you can get. When Are State FAFSA Deadlines? FAFSA cutoff times fluctuate for each state to be qualified for state-supported money related guide. By and large, state cutoff times have continued as before from year to year. Various statesask understudies to present their FAFSA as quickly as time permits after October 1, 2018. At that point, money related guide will keep on being granted until state reserves are drained. In this way, it's basic to present your FAFSA early on the off chance that you live in one of these states. Underneath, I have recorded all the state cutoff times for the FAFSA for the 2019-2020 school year. The dates are for 2019 except if in any case noted. As recently referenced, these cutoff times will in general remain the equivalent every year. This data was taken straightforwardly from the FAFSA site. Alabama Check with your budgetary guide head. Gold country Gold country Performance Scholarship - June 30. For need thought, submit application by date specified.Awards made until reserves are exhausted. The Frozen North Education Grant - As ahead of schedule as conceivable after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are exhausted. American Samoa Check with your money related guide director. Extra structures might be required. Arizona Check with your budgetary guide manager. Arkansas Arkansas Challenge - June 1 by 12 PM Central Time. Workforce Grant - Check with your budgetary guide manager. Advanced education Opportunity Grant - June 1 by 12 PM Central Time. California Walk 2 (stamped by) for some state money related guide programs. Cal Grant additionally requires accommodation of a school ensured GPA by March 2. Candidates are urged to get evidence of mailing their GPA and to hold a duplicate of their GPA structure. For extra junior college Cal Grants - September 2 (stamped). Colorado Check with your monetary guide executive. Connecticut February 15 by 12 PM Central Time. For need thought, submit application by date indicated. Extra structures might be required.Contact your money related guide head or your state office. Delaware April 15 by 12 PM Central Time. Locale of Columbia May 1 For DCTAG, complete the DC OneApp and submit supporting reports by May31. United States of Micronesia Check with your budgetary guide head. Extra structures might be required. Florida May 15 (date prepared) Georgia Check with your budgetary guide head. Guam Check with your budgetary guide administrator.Additional structures might be required. Hawaii Check with your budgetary guide head. Extra structures might be required. Idaho Opportunity Grant - March 1 by 12 PM Central Time. For need thought, submit application by date indicated. Extra structures might be required. Contact your money related guide head or state office. Illinois At the earliest opportunity after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are drained. Indiana Forthcoming O'Bannon Grant-April 15 by 12 PM Central Time. 21st Century Scholarship-April 15 by 12 PM Central Time. Grown-up Student Grant without a moment's delay after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are drained. Workforce Ready Grant at once after October 1, 2018. Iowa July 1 by 12 PM Central Time. Prior need cutoff times may exist for specific projects. Extra structures might be required. Kansas April 1 by 12 PM Central Time. For need thought, submit application by date indicated. Extra structures might be required. Contact your budgetary guide chairman or your state organization. Kentucky As quickly as time permits after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are exhausted. Louisiana July 1, 2020 (July 1, 2019 suggested) Maine May 1 by 12 PM Central Time. Marshall Islands Check with your monetary guide director. Extra structures might be required. Maryland Walk 1 by 12 PM Central Time. Massachusetts May 1 by 12 PM Central Time. For need thought, submit application by date indicated. Michigan Walk 1 by 12 PM Central Time. Minnesota 30 days after term begins by 12 PM Central Time. Mississippi MTAG and MESG Grants - September 15 by 12 PM Central Time. Extra structures might be required. HELP Scholarship - March 31 by 12 PM Central Time. Extra structures might be required. Missouri For need thought, submit by February 1. Applications are acknowledged throughApril 1 by 12 PM Central Time. Montana Check with your budgetary guide chairman. Extra structures might be required. N. Mariana Islands For need thought, submit by 12 PM Central Time on April 30. Extra structures might be required. Nebraska Check with your budgetary guide chairman. Nevada Nevada Promise Scholarship-April 1. Extra structures might be required. Grants are made until reserves are exhausted. Silver State Opportunity Grant - on the double after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are exhausted. All other guide - Check with your monetary guide director. Extra structures might be required. New Hampshire Check with your monetary guide administrator.Additional structures might be required. New Jersey 2018-19 Tuition Aid Grant beneficiaries - April 15 by 12 PM Central Time. Every single other candidate - September 15 by 12 PM Central Time for fall and spring terms; February 15, 2020, by 12 PM Central Time for spring term as it were. New Mexico Check with your money related guide head. New York June 30, 2020, by 12 PM Central Time. Extra structures might be required. North Carolina As quickly as time permits after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are exhausted. North Dakota At the earliest opportunity after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are drained. Ohio October 1 by 12 PM Central Time. Oklahoma At the earliest opportunity after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are exhausted. Oregon OSAC Private Scholarships-March 1. Extra structures might be required. Oregon Promise Grant-Contact your state organization. Extra structures might be required. Oregon Opportunity Grant at once after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are exhausted. Palau Check with your money related guide manager. Extra structures might be required. Pennsylvania All first-time candidates took a crack at a junior college; business, exchange, or specialized school; emergency clinic school of nursing; assigned Pennsylvania Open-Admission foundation; or non-transferable two-year program - August 1 by 12 PM Central Time. Every single other candidate - May 1 by 12 PM Central Time.Additional structures might be required Puerto Rico Check with your budgetary guide chairman. Rhode Island Check with your budgetary guide chairman. Extra structures might be required. South Carolina Educational cost Grants - June 30 by 12 PM Central Time. SC Commission on Higher Education Need-based Grants - at once after October 1, 2018. Grants are made until reserves are exhausted. South Dakota Check with your budgetary guide chairman. Extra structures might be required. Tennessee State Grant - February 1. Qualified earlier year beneficiaries get need, and every single other honor are made to neediest candidates until reserves are exhausted. Tennessee Promise - February 1 (date got). State Lottery - Fall term: September 1 by 12 PM Central Time; spring summer terms (date got): February 1, 2020, by 12 PM Central Time (date got). Texas At the earliest opportunity after October 1, 2018. Texas open schools - January 15. For need thought, submit application by date determined. Extra structures might be required. Texas private schools - Check with your money related guide executive. Extra structures might be required. US Virgin Islands Check with your budgetary guide executive

The Broke Persons Guide to Throwing Parties

The Broke Persons Guide to Throwing Parties The Broke Persons Guide to Throwing Parties The Broke Persons Guide to Throwing PartiesThrowing a party is supposed to be fun, but spending way too much money to host one isnt fun at allâ€"especially when youre already broke.Is there anything more fun than a party? Probably, but we can all agree that parties are fun regardless. Still, one of the worst parts of going to a party is having to get home afterward. It’s late, you’re tired now, and you probably just want to go to bed.But what if you could throw a party at your own home? Sure, you’d have to do some cleaning up, but that can wait till the morning! As soon as everyone leaves you can go right to bed. Doesn’t that sound nice?Unfortunately, it can also get pretty expensive pretty quickly. Especially if you’re looking to throw the hottest party in town. So how can you throw a party without breaking your budget? We spoke to the entertainment experts to find out how you can throw a great party for less. Trim your guest list.One of the first steps of planning a party is deciding who you’re going to invite. Some people prefer to keep get-togethers small. Others jump at the chance to invite every single person on their Facebook friends list. But whatever your preference, one of those options is going to be cheaper than the other.“The fewer people that are invited, the smaller the cost,” explained Lucy Harris, CEO of Hello Baby Bump (@hellobabybump). “Have a maximum number of people you wish to entertain.”Harris also offered some advice for how the invitations should be carried out. Or not carried out: “Dont send out invitations. In a world of technology, there is no harm in creating an event on Facebook or sending out a few texts instead of printing and spending money on invites.”Make it a potluck.People want to eat at a party. They might not be expecting an entire meal, but party tradition dictates that there should at least be some snacks.“Hosting a successful gathering takes a lot of skill and finesse, especially if you are on a budget,” warned Smart Shopping Expert  Trae Bodge (@truetrae). “But, just because you’re the host, it doesn’t mean you have to bear all of the responsibility.A great way to save on food is to ask guests to bring a dish. To avoid overlap, use a free platform, like Evite, so you and your guests can indicate what you plan to make and bring. Keep in mind that not everyone enjoys cooking, so let everyone know that it’s ok to bring something store-bought, like meats cheeses, chips dips, or pies cakes.”Bodge also had some recommendations for keeping the price down on the dishes you do make:“Avoid pricey ingredients. You can feed a big group on a budget by avoiding expensive things. Fish, for instance, will be much more expensive than chicken wings. Rather than planning your menu ahead of time, peruse your weekly circular, or use an app like Flipp, to see what’s on sale, and plan your menu based on that.”Dont provide  all  the beer and alcohol.A party doesn’t have t o have alcohol. But if you are planning to have alcohol, you’re going to want to still keep it affordable. Of course, asking your guests to bring stuff works as well for alcohol as it does for food items. Maybe even better!“If someone asks what they can bring, tell them specifically!” Harris recommended. “People often dont mind helping out. You can reply by saying bring a side dish you love, bring a wine you enjoy, bring your favorite platter etc.”If you do decide to provide some drinks, you can still keep things affordable.“For libations, make one specialty drink and offer this to your guests,” suggested Jorj Morgan (@jorjmorgan), author of 7 cookbooks, including At Home in the Kitchen, At Home Entertaining, and Sunday Best Dishes: A Cookbook for Passionate Cooks. “This avoids having to have a full bar to meet everyones needs.”Get creative with your decor.You want your party to have style. But you don’t want to spend too much on that style. While going out of yo ur way to buy special utensils or plateware customized just for the occasion may seem like a cool idea, it’s not likely to be the most cost-effective option.“For your décor, pull out the china you have, and mix and match to create a tablescape that fits your party,” Morgan told us. “If you have four blue plates, three green plates,  and one white plate, be creative and pull it together with a multi-colored napkin.”Anything you do purchase can probably be pretty simple.“Dont buy themed plates, cups, napkins etc,” advised Harris. “Anything that is theme specific instantly skyrockets price. Just get a standard plain color, it is only going to end up in the bin anyway.”And don’t forget to recycle!“Festive décor is great for setting the mood, but it can also be expensive,” Bodge told us. “When purchasing décor, purchase only items that can be stored and reused the next year, or even better, purchase items that aren’t holiday-specificâ€"like clear lights and decorative items that are silver and goldâ€"so you can use them at multiple gatherings throughout the year.”Hopefully, these tips will allow you to plan more affordable parties. We’ll be waiting patiently for our invitation! Want more money saving tips? Check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to De-Stress for Cheap7 Tips for Eating Out on the CheapThe Broke Person’s Guide to Dating50 Places That Will Give You Free Stuff on Your BirthdayDo you have a question about saving money? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsTrae Bodge (@truetrae) is an accomplished lifestyle journalist and TV commentator who specializes in smart shopping, personal finance, beauty, toys, parenting,  and retail. In addition to monthly Best Buys segments on CBS2 NY, Fox 5 NY and ABC/WJLA in DC, she has appeared on dozens of TV shows, including Rachael Ray, Inside Edition, CNBC and network affiliates nationwide. Trae has been named a Top Voic e in Retail by LinkedIn and a top personal finance expert by GoBankingRates and FlexJobs. She is a contributing editor at Womans Day magazine and her writing and expert commentary have also appeared in Forbes, USNews.com, Kiplingers, Marketwatch, MSN Money, Yahoo Finance, VICE Guide to Life and numerous others.Lucy Harris is the mom of two wonderful children and lead mom behind  Hello Baby Bump (@hellobabybump).Jorj Morgan (@jorjmorgan) is the author of 7 cookbooks, including At Home in the Kitchen,  At Home Entertaining,  and Sunday Best Dishes: a cookbook for passionate cooks. Her most recent book, Canvas and Cuisine: the art of the fresh market was just released by Dorrance Publishing. Jorjs in-the-trenches expertise in the culinary field include owning her own catering company cooking for family friends.

Vanderbilt University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Vanderbilt University is a private research university with an acceptance rate of 9.6%. To apply, students can use the  Common Application,  Coalition Application, or Questbridge Application. Vanderbilt University has an Early Decision program that can improve admission chances for students who are sure the university is their top choice school. Considering applying to this highly selective school? Here are the Vanderbilt admissions statistics you should know. Why Vanderbilt University? Location: Nashville, TennesseeCampus Features: Vanderbilts campus occupies 334 acres just southwest of downtown. The campus is a designated arboretum and National Historic Landmark.Student/Faculty Ratio: 7:1Athletics: The Vanderbilt Commodores compete in the NCAA Division I Southeastern Conference (SEC)Highlights: Students can choose from 67 bachelor degree programs offered across the universitys 10 schools. Student life is active with 15 sororities, 17 fraternities, and over 500 student clubs and organizations. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Vanderbilt University had an acceptance rate of 9.6%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 9 students were admitted, making Vanderbilts admissions process highly selective. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 34,313 Percent Admitted 9.6% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 49% SAT Scores and Requirements Vanderbilt requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 43% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 700 760 Math 750 800 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Vanderbilts admitted students fall within the top 7% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Vanderbilt scored between 700 and 760, while 25% scored below 700 and 25% scored above 760. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 750 and 800, while 25% scored below 750 and 25% scored a perfect 800. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1560 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Vanderbilt. Requirements Vanderbilt does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Vanderbilt participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. At Vanderbilt, SAT Subject tests are optional. ACT Scores and Requirements Vanderbilt requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 64% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 34 35 Math 30 35 Composite 33 35 This admissions data tells us that most of Vanderbilts admitted students fall within the top 2% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Vanderbilt received a composite ACT score between 33 and 35, while 25% scored above 35 and 25% scored below 33. Requirements Note that Vanderbilt does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. Vanderbilt does not require the ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of Vanderbilt Universitys incoming freshman class was 3.83. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Vanderbilt have primarily A and B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Vanderbilt University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph.   Data  courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Vanderbilt University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Vanderbilt University has a highly competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Vanderbilt has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong application essay and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside of Vanderbilts range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. As you can see, most successful Vanderbilt applicants had GPAs in the A range, SAT scores (ERWM) of about 1300 or higher, and ACT composite scores of 28 or higher. A large number of applicants had 4.0 GPAs. Clearly, the higher your grades and test scores, the better your chance of an acceptance letter. However, many students with 4.0 GPAs and high standardized test scores are rejected each year. No matter how strong an applicant you are, you should consider Vanderbilt a reach school.   The schools selectivity is why applicants need to focus on more than grades and test scores. The admissions folks at Vanderbilt are looking for students who are likely to contribute to the campus community in meaningful ways. An applicants leadership experience, community service, and extracurricular accomplishments need to suggest that he or she will bring value to the school community. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Vanderbilt University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Understanding the Concept of Self-Esteem Essay - 859 Words

Understanding the Concept of Self-Esteem Whether people know it or not, everyone has a self-esteem, but some have better grasps on it than others do. Most peoples self-esteem judgments are based on what they value, their beliefs or interests, and the attitudes that they have (Beane, 1993, p. 6). Therefore it is impossible to escape the notion that someone doesnt have a self-esteem. It is whatever they make it out to be, but not only do they choose their own self-esteem, but others have a big part in deciding it as well. I have two friends who are totally different in every aspect, especially their self-esteem. My one friend Karis has a high self-esteem; she gets good grades, is the star of the volleyball team, and†¦show more content†¦6), and Davina seems to have none. Self-evaluations of a person physical appearance are defiantly linked to self-esteem (Baumeister, 1993, p. 95), and Davina hates the way she looks. Shes a beautiful girl and shed be so much prettier if she smiled once in awhile, but Davina doesnt believe her peers. What a person thinks of himself or herself is going to show through their attitude and behavior (Beane, 1984, p. 26). It is also determined by what others think. Friends and relatives can have a great impact on what a person thinks of himself or herself. This can either be good or bad, and in Davinas case, ! its awful. Since her parents walked out on her, she seems untrusting of everyone except her closest friends. Even then it is hard to get through to her, I think she has given up on herself, making her self-esteem lower than is already is. Karis has nothing but warmth and love at home. Her parents help her study, commend her on her grades, and always brag to their friends about how well she is doing juggling both volleyball and school. On the refrigerator door her parents have put up all the carefully cut out newspaper clippings that show Karis playing volleyball, her place on the honor roll, and the pictures of her being inducted into the national honor society. This certainly brightens Kariss spirits as she sees how proud her parents really are of her, and IShow MoreRelatedcompare two theories of self-esteem which contribute to o ur understanding of self-concept1096 Words   |  5 PagesIn this task I will compare two theories of self-esteem which contribute to our understanding of self-concept. The theories which I will be focused on are Bowlby’s and Harter’s. Bowlby theory Bowlby worked for many years as a child psychoanalyst so was clearly very influenced by Freud’s theories and child development. 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When a preschooler is asked how are they different from other children, they usually look at their self concept. Self concept is their identity, of their set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals. Most preschoolers give inaccurate statements about their self concept. They usually overestimate their skills and knowledge. Preschool-age children also begin to develop a view of self that reflects their particularRead MoreImportance And Usefulness Of Evaluating Self Esteem924 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluating self-esteem in children the authors Hosogi, Mizuho; Okada, Ayumi; Fuji, Chikako; Noguchi, Keizou; and Watanabe, Kumi focus on the child’s self-esteem. Children begin to develop their self-esteem in the environment they are raised. As the child built their self-esteem the child gains an understanding and the abilities to learn how to deal with conflict, decision making, the way they communicate, and how well they adapt in society. 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The American Revolution Free Essays

The American Revolution was a period in American history that caused controversy even amongst the most dedicated Colonists. The question of whether or not America should free itself from British rule and become it’s own nation, independent of the Crown, was a major issue that came to the forefront in the late 1700’s and it was during this time that the colonies were split into two very diverse groups: the Colonists who wished to create an independent American nation, and the Loyalists who wished to remain a part of Great Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reasons for each were widely varied depending on the individual, but Edmund Burke is best known as one of the strongest supporters of reconciliation with Great Britain and the avoidance of war through political means and a meeting of the minds between Great Britain and its colonies in the New World that would one day become the United States of America. Edmund Burke was a leading member of the British Parliament who remained on the side of the colonists in that he believed the British should try to work with the American colonists to create a better relationship, and these beliefs are seen within his writings from the period of time in American history that is known as the Revolutionary period. The works written by Burke in the 1770’s share a glimpse into the world and thoughts of the man, and give historians the ability to get a strong sense of this differing opinion on the Revolutionary War that existed at the time, as it is often the fight for independence that is mostly studied as our country did become an independent nation free of British rule, but men like Burke and his ideals were also prominent and that is why his writings are so important to the understanding of Revolutionary history. The viewpoint of Edmund Burke is best summed up as the hope for peace between Great Britain and its American colonies. He does not seem to believe that revolution is necessarily a sure thing for the American people and, in fact, urges against it. In his Speech to Parliament on March 22, 1775 Burke said, â€Å"My proposition is Peace† (Johnson 111). Burke did not feel that a war was the answer to the problems plaguing the American Colonies and their continuing struggle over taxation with Great Britain. He reminds the British that â€Å"America†¦ is an object well worth fighting for† but that war is not â€Å"the best way of gaining them† (Johnson 112). Within his speech on reconciliation, Burke mimics this opinion by claiming that the goal for the American colonies must be peace, and he explains this by saying, â€Å"It is peace sought in the spirit of peace, and laid in principles purely pacific (Burke)†. This clearly means that war was becoming a major issue on the minds of everyone in the American colonies and it was beginning to become a focal point of many important men, both loyalists and patriots. Burke’s solution is the exact opposite that which men such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were hoping for and worked towards, of course, because it meant that they would always be connected to Great Britain; however, Burke’s solution was meant to please both parties if put into practice. It appears, from his opinions stated in his speech on conciliation, that he saw value in not pursuing the types of taxation that the British government was seeking to impose on the Americans, because in doing so it was losing the support and loyalty of the American people. This clear fact meant that if Great Britain were to find a way to please the American people, they would not only benefit by keeping the revenues produced by the colonies, but also their loyalty and support that would only grow over time as the population across the ocean grew in size. Burke states in his defense of developing a relationship with their counterparts in American that would foster loyalty and love of the Crown, â€Å"It is the love of the people; it is their attachment to their government, from the sense of the deep stake they have in such a glorious institution, which gives you your army and your navy, and infuses into both that liberal obedience without which your army would be a base rabble, and your navy nothing but rotten timber(Burke). † In essence, without the fostering of good relations between Britain and her colonies, they would lose a chance at a peaceful and powerful ally in the New World that was growing each year. It seems that when Edmund Burke viewed the American colonists, he was not surprised at all by their conduct, because he recognized that â€Å"in this Character of the American, a love of Freedom is the predominating feature which marks and distinguishes the whole†, and goes on to say that, â€Å"This fierce spirit of Liberty is stronger in the English Colonies probably than in any other people of the earth and this from a great variety of powerful causes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Johnson 112). He also says, in his conciliation speech, that â€Å"the more ardently they love liberty, the more perfect will be their obedience. † He believes the two go together–liberty given to them would result in obedience to the Crown and the Empire. He is adamant that the Colonists are this way because they left England when the English were dedicated to freedom: â€Å"The Colonists emigrated from you when this part of your character was most predominant; and they took this bias and directions the moment they parted from your hands† (Johnson 112). He views the problem as being taxation, and seems to think that peace would be easy to obtain and war easily averted if not for the imposition of taxation on the American colonies. He believes that American revenue should not be ignored as important to the British Empire because it was financially beneficial to keep the American colonies underneath the umbrella of British rule for many various reason. Burke states, â€Å"Let us get an American revenue as we have got an American empire. English privileges have made it all that it is; English privileges alone will make it all it can be (Burke). † By this he means that Americans want to be treated with the same respect and given the same privileges as their British counterparts, and therefore, if they treat them that way, war could be averted. It is obvious from the letter and speech written by Burke and quoted within this paper that the man was staunchly dedicated to the British Empire and the idea of conciliation, and it makes sense from his way of thinking because it would benefit both countries to give the colonies the benefits of being British while still retaining the good relations between the two. Yet, it was not to be and without men like the Founding Fathers who would urge for independence, America and Great Britain would certainly have just continued to have disagreements because the way of life developing across the ocean was vastly different from what existed in England, and that would eventually have led to war, not over taxes, but over the desire to be masters of their own destiny. Works Cited Burke, Edmund. Burke’s Speech on Conciliation with America. Project Guttenberg. Johnson, Michael P. Reading the American Past. Vol. 1. Bedford/St. Martin\’s, 2004. 108-114. How to cite The American Revolution, Papers The American Revolution Free Essays The American Revolution Women’s lives began to change significantly with the American Revolution. Every war means more women taking charge during the absence and after the deaths of husbands and fathers, their active role in the war was very important. After the war, talk of rights raised issues of women’s rights education. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Religions also play an important role for women in the American Revolution. Women’s roles were limited in the colonial times. Marriage and motherhood were the primary goals for women. They lost property and legal rights upon marriage; therefore, women were not expected to participate in the war. Despite their low positions in society, women did participate. One example was Pennsylvania Mary Hays McCauley carried water to troops in battle. When her husband fell at the battle, New Jersey, in 1778, she took his place. For this action, she receives a pension from the state of Pennsylvania for all the services rendered in the revolution war. On the home front, they sewed uniforms and knitted stockings for the soldiers. With their husbands away fighting, some women had to take over as weavers, carpenters, blacksmiths, or shipbuilders. Women had to adjust to be alone and to handling the day to day affairs of running a farm or managing a business in a husband’s absence. Their independence management proved to be one of their most significant roles in the revolution era. Dubois, E, C, Dumenil, L (2005). â€Å"Through women’s eyes†, page 80- 84. The revolution affected the lives of Native American women. They gained some independence from their confining roles because of their efforts in the war and in maintaining their communities in the men’s prolonged absences. The necessity to improve education accelerated after the war, for practical and ideological reason. The American believed that a new republic needed an educated people. As the new nation began the long process of industrialization, this complex economy required to have better skills. Some critics disagree with the education for women since they believed that fully educated women would make them less feminine, but others agree that women needed for education was very important because of the vital roles in educating their children. The new thinking about the importance to educate women was very important; many different schools were design for middle class. They agree that education for women could help them to instruct their son in the principles of patriotism, could make a better home, better wife for a happy marriage. Some women became writers, missionaries and even teachers. Dubois, E, C, Dumenil, L (2005), page 95-96. For African American women, the revolution left a differently legacy. At the end of the war, many slaves were sold into slavery again. For some African American who had not joined the British, the most important legacy was the freedom. The ideological issue at the center of the revolution encourages some whites American to examine the institution of slavery. African American were active participants in the emancipation process. In 1781 Elizabeth Freeman petitioned a Massachusetts county court for her freedom. She suit, combined with several others. In others places like Vermont provide immediate emancipation. Still discrimination limited their opportunities. Most women work at jobs similar to those they had when they were salves. As they worked at their job and cared for the family, many free black women participated in building their church. These institutions were a source of strength and pride for the community. Dubois, E, C, Dumenil, L (2005), page 88-90. In addition to education, religion plays an important role in white women in the eighteen century. The Great Awakening established churches with different denomination like Methodist, Baptist and others. Women voices were heard in their churches, they also made their presence known by their physical manifestations of the spirit. Little by little women were able to speak openly in the churches. In the South the separate Baptist permitted women official roles appointing them as deaconesses and eldresses, their role in churches were very important. Throughout her life, she continued to exert considerable influence within her congregation. For African American religion also touched the lives of many women. Yet during and after the revolution, the Great Awakening had an impact on slave’s women lives. A few evangelical churches condemned the institution of slavery. In the eighteen-century evangelical churches, black women were not permitted to be preachers; they were able to create a sphere of influences and power for them. This role was very important in the nineteenth century when the majority of slaves had adopted Christianity. Dubois, E, C, Dumenil, L (2005), page 99-101 In conclusion, women contributed a great deal to the American Revolution. Their actions on the home front and on the battlefields relieved the men from the extra planning, mobilizing, and combating that they would have had to execute without the help of the women. This allowed the Continental Army to fully concentrate on defeating the British and acquiring sovereignty. America could not have been the powerful independent nation it is today without the service of the women. The truth is, women were fiercely active in the independence cause and made gains for themselves. Nguyen, T, A. â€Å"Women in revolution†. Women in the eighteen century have played an important role of ideology, work and sacrifice. Their roles help to expand more opportunities for a better future. Reference: Dubois, E, C (2005). Through women’s eyes. Boston, NY: Bedford/ST. Martin. Nguyen, T, A. Women in revolution, from http://www. americanrevolution. org/nguyen. html How to cite The American Revolution, Papers

Making Sense of Change Management

Question: Discuss the theory and practice of change management? Answer: The modern business space is characterised with uncertainly coupled with a dynamic microenvironment which assumes even more complexity in the globalised era where a surprise event in one part of the world can have tremendous implications for an economy located in other part of the globe. A case in point is the US subprime crisis which assumed the proportion of the worst global financial crisis since 1930 and impacted every nation on the planet. As a result it is imperative it is imperative that organisations must be flexible and continually looking to adapt to the changing microenvironment either locally or globally. Further this tendency is even more imperative in a cutting edge business environment which exists today where organisations need to either adapt or perish as not responding to change would make them lose their competitive advantage and thus adversely impact their earnings (Cameron Green, 2015). Another factor which makes change inevitable is the increasingly shorter pro duct cycles where consumers are increasingly becoming more demanding in terms of product and service attributes which requires the organisations to constantly innovate so as to be relevant. Further the technology revolution also has tremendous influence on the overall business dynamics due to which organisations need to embrace the state of art technologies and constantly improve their processes and hence their way of conducting business (Hughes, 2010). Having established that change is inevitable in the modern business environment, it is imperative to ponder at the complexity of the underlying process which leads to the change. It is estimated in various studies and surveys that more than 50% of the major organisational change initiatives result in failure which proves that change is fraught with uncertainty which needs to be carefully managed. There are various problems with regards to organisational change which leads to the inherent complexity and thus requires the aid of change management skills (Hayes, 2010). Firstly, there is a lot of uncertainty associated with the need to change amongst the employees in management role (excluding top management). This is primarily because the decision to change is primarily taken by the management and top executives and hence the middle and lower management may not fully be aware of the need to change and thus may not be fully committed to the change. Since they are not committed to the und erlying change they are not able to sell the same to their immediate juniors; which raises further eyebrows on the actual reasons for the top management to initiate change and thus breeds suspicion (Burnes, 2004). Secondly, there is uncertainty associated with the fate of the employees especially at the lower level especially when the overall objective of change is not clear and thus employees may become insecure as they start viewing the change as a grand plan for the top management to reduce the wage bill. This issue may assume grave proportion as the management may bring upon the change process without preparing and communicating to the employees about the expected changes which would groom insecurity amongst the employee as a result of which their productivity might be considerably lowered (Hughes, 2010). Further it may also happen that some of the trained and talented manpower might look for alternative job opportunities in order to escape the change related turmoil which provide more stability. Another related issue is the differential ability of the employees to cope up with the change especially in wake of the current skills possessed. This is especially true when the given change invo lves a paradigm shift in the underlying technology which may alter the processes significantly and hence the employees in an uncertain environment may feel more unsecure as they may be ill-equipped to cope up with the changed working environment (Cameron Green, 2015). Thirdly, at times the organizational change which the top management might intend to bring may not be feasible particularly keeping in mind the organisational culture, resources and capabilities at disposal. As a result of the goal being unrealistic, any efforts made in this direction no matter how sincere would result in failure and would add a host of problems with regards to human resources and maintaining competitiveness amongst the stakeholders (Burnes, 2004). Hence it is imperative that the goals that are intended to be achieved must be feasible to begin with or else all sincere efforts and allocation of valuable resources would go down the drain. Lastly, at times the change may be initiated reluctantly by the management as a result of crisis or as part of desperate means to transform the organisation without being fully committed to the change and hence the change process either fails to go through or fails to achieve the desired objectives (Hayes, 2010). It is apparent from the above discussion that the organisational change is a complex task fraught with plethora of issues and thus successful change requires planning and management of the process with the support of the relevant stakeholders. The organisations need to adopt the process of change management so as to ensure greater transparency amongst the various echelons of the organisation and to facilitate better communication amongst the employees, management and other stakeholders which would eventually lead to greater commitment to the change process by the employees and other relevant stakeholders. Additionally, the change process would be more streamlined with lesser technical and operational glitches since it would be thought about with clear roles and responsibilities assigned to various employees and experts. Besides the employees and other stakeholders who would be impacted would be better prepared to deal with the whole change process and interim arrangements would be in place without disrupting the delivery of regular product or service to the consumers. Also in wake of the change, the change management facilitates the bringing of core issues in the open and thus ensure that these are resolved more promptly and effectively. On an overall basis, the change management tactics would ensure that there is lower uncertainty amongst the relevant stakeholders due to which their commitment to the overall change would be higher which in turn would make the transition process more smooth and glitch free (Hughes, 2010). References Cameron, E. Green, M. 2015. Making Sense of Change Management, 4th edition, Kogan Page Publications , London Hayes, J. 2010. The Theory and Practice of Change Management, 3rd edition, Palgrave Macmillan, London Burnes, B. 2004. Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organisational Change, 4th edition, Financial Times/Prentice Hall Publications, London Hughes, M. 2010. Managing Change: A Critical Perspective, 3rd edition, CIPD, London

Clinical Psychology Paper Essay Example

Clinical Psychology Paper Essay Running head: Clinical Psychology Paper Clinical Psychology Paper Launita D. Joseph University of Phoenix Clinical Psychology Paper When psychology is mentioned one will think about the study of the mind. Several topics may be discussed under psychology. Psychology is a discipline that involves the scientific study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors. However, clinical psychology is integrated with theory, science, and practice to understand, predict, and remove maladjustment, discomfort, and also to promote humans to adapt, adjust, and improve personal development (American Psychological Association, Division 12, 2009). Within this paper one will locate the history and evolving nature of clinical counseling psychology and the role of research and statistics in clinical counseling psychology. Clinical psychology is the most popular of all areas of psychology. Clinical psychology came about in 1896 when Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) opened the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Witmer’s undergraduate studies were completed in 1888 at the University of Pennsylvania. Later in 1892, Witmer earned his PhD at the University of Leipzig in psychology, under Wilhelm Wundt. Witmer became the director of the psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania after receiving his doctoral studies (Plante, 2005). Witmer’s practical application of psychology expanded the clinical applications to begin treating various mental health disorders. Clinicus is a Latin word that derived clinic. Clinical psychology is concerned with treating sick patients. With all saying, clinical psychology is the teaching about, researching about, or the treatment of a patient with mental health disorders. We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Psychology Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Psychology Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Psychology Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Clinical psychology continued to grow and became influenced by psychoanalysis that focuses on the unconscious functions. The different forms of clinical treatment that was brought out in the mid 20th century with associations and reactions against psychoanalysis, which is now called psychotherapy (Richmond, 2009). In December 1896, the American Psychological Association had a plan of practical work in psychology. The plan of organization consisted of: †¢The investigation of the belief that mental development in school children has shown more in mental and moral retardation, by the means of statistical and clinical methods. A psychological clinic, with help from a training school in the nature of a hospital school treats all classes of children who suffer from retardation or physical defects that interfere with school progress. †¢The offering of practical work to those that work in the field of teaching and medicine, and those who are interested in social work, in the observ ation, and training of normal and retarded children. †¢New students who are interested in the field of psychological work with the school system, through the examination and treatment of mentally and morally retarded children, or who are connected to the practice of medicine (Green, Unknown). In 1897, the department of psychology in the university of Pennsylvania put a four week course together that was given daily under the auspices of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching. A course in child psychology was given to show the different methods of child psychology especially the clinical method, in addition to lectures and laboratory courses in experimental and physiological psychology. Children who came to the clinic suffered from defects of the ear, eye, motor ability, or in attention, and memory (Green, Unknown). With clinical psychology, the psychologist’s are employed in settings such as business, government, industry, or nonprofit organizations, provide training, conducting researches, designing organizational systems, and act as advocates for psychology. Clinical psychologist’s formulated hypotheses and gather their data to test the validity of the research. The research methods vary with what observation is studied. Some psychologists gather information from controlled laboratory experiments or by administering personality, aptitude, intelligence, or performance tests. Psychologists also have methods that include observations, questionnaires, clinical studies, interviews, and surveys. A psychologist will apply his or her knowledge to a wide range of topics, including human and health services, management, law, education, and sports. Usually psychologists specialize in many different areas (United States Department of Labor, 2009). With knowing that clinical psychology is one of the most studied areas in psychology, one should know there is a large amount of information available in that field. Clinical psychology was studied in early years and has expanded to several other fields in the line of clinical psychology. If one chooses work in this field of study, research is important because new techniques may evolve and should be used in order to produce effective work with clients. References American Psychological Association, Division 12. (2009). Society of clinical Psychology. About clinical Psychology. Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from http://www. apa. org/divisions/div12/aboutcp. html Green, C. D. (Unknown). Classics in the History of Psychology. Clinical Psychology. York University, Toronto, Ontario Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from http://psychclassics. yorku. ca/Witmer/clinical. htm Plante, T. G. (2005). Contemporary Clinical Psychology. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Richmond, R. L. (2009). A Guide to Psychology and its Practice. Psychology: Clinical and counseling – and Licensure. Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from Http://www. guidetopsychology. com/cln_cns. htm United States Department of Labor. (2009). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Edition. Retrieved on November 29, 2009, from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm

Superorder Dictyoptera, Roaches and Mantids

Superorder Dictyoptera, Roaches and Mantids Dictyoptera means network wings, referring to the visible network of veins present in the wings of this order. The superorder Dictyoptera includes orders of insects related by evolution and features: Blattodea (sometimes called Blattaria), the cockroaches, and Mantodea, the mantids. That being said, the world of science is ever-evolving, and taxonomy is no exception. This branch of the insect taxonomic tree is currently under revision. Some insect taxonomists also group termites in the superorder Dictyoptera. In some entomology references, the Dictyoptera may be ranked at the order level, with the mantids and roaches listed as suborders. Description: Perhaps no other pairing of insects seems as unlikely as cockroaches and mantids of the order Dictyoptera. Cockroaches are almost universally reviled, while mantids, also called praying mantises, are often revered. Taxonomists rely only on physical and functional characteristics to determine groups of like insects, however. Compare a cockroach and a mantid, and youll notice both have leathery forewings. Called tegmina, these wings are held like a roof over the abdomen. Roaches and mantids have long and spiny middle and hind legs. Their feet, or tarsi, nearly always have five segments. Dictyopterans use chewing mouthparts to consume their food, and have long, segmented antennae. Both cockroaches and mantids also share a few anatomical features that you would only see through close examination and dissection, but theyre important clues to establishing the relationship between these seemingly different insect groups. Insects have a platelike sternite near the end of their abdomens, under the genitalia, and in the Dictyoptera, this genital plate is enlarged. Roaches and mantids also share a special digestive system structure. Between the foregut and midgut, they have a gizzard-like structure called a  proventriculus, and in the Dictyoptera the  proventriculus has internal teeth that break down solid bits of food before sending them along the alimentary canal. Finally, in roaches and mantids, the tentorium – a skull-like structure in the head that cradles the brain and gives the head capsule its form – is perforated. Members of this order undergo incomplete or simple metamorphosis with three stages of development: egg, nymph, and adult. The female lays eggs in groups, then encases them in foam which hardens into a protective capsule, or ootheca. Habitat and Distribution: The superorder Dictyoptera contains nearly 6,000 species, distributed worldwide. Most species live in terrestrial habitats in the tropics. Major Families in the Superorder: Blattidae - Oriental and American cockroachesBlattellidae- German and wood cockroachesPolyphagidae - desert cockroachesBlaberidae - giant cockroachesMantidae - mantids Dictyopterans of Interest: Blatta orientalis, the Oriental cockroach, gains access to homes through plumbing pipes.The brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, is called the TV roach. It likes to hide inside warm electronic appliances.Brown-hooded cockroaches (Cryptocercus punctulatus) live in family groups. Females give birth to live young; the nymphs take 6 years to reach maturity.The Mediterranean mantid takes its scientific name, Iris oratoria from an unusual marking on the underside of its wing. Literally, the name means talking eye, a smart description of the eyespot which is displayed when the mantid feels threatened. Sources: Dictyoptera, Kendall Bioresearch Services. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton Kenn KaufmanDictyoptera, Tree of Life Web. Accessed online March 19, 2008.Evolution of the Insects, by David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel.External Anatomy - The Insects Head, by John R. Meyer, North Carolina State University Department of Entomology. Accessed online November 9, 2015.Unlikely Sisters – Roaches and  Mantises, by Nancy Miorelli, Ask an Entomologist website. Accessed online November 9, 2015.

Globalization of production & the spread of counterfeit products; A Essay

Globalization of production & the spread of counterfeit products; A Comparative analysis of the International Law on counterfeit & Piracy - Essay Example The region has since developed from a mere supplier of raw materials to an emerging production economy brought about by its export capability (Haggett, 2002). On a sad note, however, Asia is now emerging to be the single largest producing region for counterfeits and pirated goods. The Internet lent itself handy as a new platform for boosting sales, with considerable assistance from criminal networks and organised crime. The glitter of enormous profit has encouraged more counterfeiters and pirates to join the bandwagon. Moreover, penalties were believed to be relatively light even when the counterfeiting and piracy operations are detected and the perpetrators are brought to justice (OECD, 2007). This paper discusses the mechanisms which promote the growth of counterfeiting and piracy operations; the existing initiatives and laws in the war against counterfeit and pirated goods with special emphasis on the Southeast Asian region in the light of its new sobriquet as the top manufacturing region for counterfeit and pirated products; and the weaknesses or loopholes of these laws, if any. An attempt was also made to perform a comparative analysis of the policy failures, if any, and successes of coordinated efforts to fight counterfeiting and piracy. Finally, recommendations will be forwarded in the light of the inputs from the data analysed. The OECD (1998) defined counterfeiting as â€Å"an infringement of the legal rights of an owner of intellectual property† (p. 5). This is the broadest essence of the term counterfeiting. To be more specific in this discussion, however, the paper utilised the definitions of counterfeiting and piracy from the context of the TRIPs Agreement2, as counterfeit trademark goods and pirated copyright goods, respectively: Counterfeit trademark goods shall mean any goods, including packaging, bearing without authorisation a trademark which is

Performance Reviews (Human Resource Management) Essay

Performance Reviews (Human Resource Management) - Essay Example She at one point disputed some of my achievements on the basis that she did not believe I was capable of that since my background was miserable. However, much I tried to display my competence during the review, the supervisor was not impressed. I realized that her motive was to instil the anger in me and evoke a negative response so as she could get a chance to get me down. I tried to play calm all through the review, answering only the questions that were not personal. However, I was utterly discouraged when she indicated on my report that I was uncooperative in the review. Although I forwarded my grievances to the superiors in the organization and was given a consideration, I still feel offended by the actions of the supervisor and it is my feeling that such people should not be allowed to conduct reviews. Moreover, even with shortages of staff performance reviews should not be based on a single person review as this increases the risk of

Models of Crime Prevention: Their application

Models of Crime Prevention: Their application Due to the increasing complexity brought about by modernisation, overpopulation, urbanisation, and globalisation, crime prevention has required a more urgent stance not only from government but also from communities, schools, citizens, families, and non-government institutions. While the prevention of crime has been unanimously agreed upon, the best way to go about it is still under debate. There have been several models of crime prevention which criminologists and law enforcement experts have introduced but until now, there remains no clear best model yet. Some of the major crime prevention programmes are situational or social in nature but so-called hybrid approaches or whole of government approaches have also gained popularity, especially in Australia. In order to develop a clear appreciation for the many-faceted nature of crime prevention as practiced today, it is necessary to define it clearly and analyse the different models used locally and overseas and examine how each model has fared when applied to actual crime prevention programmes. This essay discusses crime prevention, its models, and its application in the real-world setting. Defining Crime Prevention Crime prevention in its simplest definition is the process of deterring crime, criminals, and reducing levels of victimisation. White and Perrone (2005) view crime prevention as the creation and implementation of proactive programmes and strategies which are designed to prevent crime and address the fear of crime (p. 15). A more comprehensive definition is advanced by Van Dijk and De Ward (1991) to treat crime prevention as the total of all private initiatives and state policies, aimed at the reduction of damage caused by acts defined as criminal by the State (p. 415). The common thread of these definitions is the suggestion that crime prevention is not the sole responsibility of law enforcement and police, but rather a collective obligation of different sectors in society in government and in communities. Otherwise stated, crime prevention is a joint effort of various levels of society to work toward strategies that prevent crime occurrence. Rationale Behind Crime Prevention While concepts of crime and justice date back to antiquity, the enormity of concern attributed toward crime prevention emerged circa late 1980s and early 1990s. White and Perrone (2005) enumerated three major reasons why crime prevention has taken an unprecedented turn during this period: economic, operational, and community initiative. Economic. Crime prevention became an important economic concern because crime definitely pays, to use the popular catchphrase in huge amounts of fiscal resources. The cost of crime is increasing, and according to 2008 figures from the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), crime consumes almost 4 percent of the countrys GDP which is equivalent to $36 billion (Rollings, 2008). Crime-related expenditures include policing, corrections, the security industry, and the criminal justice system as well as hidden costs such as medical costs, compensation, and loss of productivity of victims. To curb this gargantuan cost, crime reduction is considered a feasible alternative. Operational imperatives of policing. Considering the massive cost of crime, it became incumbent upon police and law enforcement agencies to recruit and enlist the assistance of citizens in an effort to arrest the escalating costs of crime. Policing required the collaboration of the law enforcement structure with citizens in the so-called fight against crime (Martin Perrone, 2005). Demands of the community. As crime rates increased with demographic changes attributed to the sprawl of urbanisation and migration, citizens have learned to recognise that a singular campaign by law enforcement to prevent crime would not do; hence, citizens have assembled themselves into crime prevention groups based in their respective communities to assist in crime prevention. As citizens became more vulnerable to crime, so did their resolve to empower themselves to stop victimisation. While one or a combination of all factors may have contributed to the emergence of crime prevention theory and application in the modern world, another theory is the growing concern for human rights and individual freedoms have led to an influence leaning toward non-punishment forms of crime prevention. Sutton and Cherney (2002) emphasised that crime prevention is reflective of societys desire to handle crime by using processes other than those that are eliminative; instead of punitive action, restorative means are advanced in the campaign for crime deterrence. Models of Crime Prevention Throughout its history, differing models of crime prevention have been used by law enforcement and criminologists around the world to curb crime and reduce victimisation. The major conceptual models of crime prevention include: situation, social, and developmental. Crime prevention has also been classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary forms. Situational crime prevention. The situational theory of crime prevention suggests that the best way to stop criminals is to design physical space and environment in a manner that will make the commission of crime harder and increase the likelihood of apprehending criminals. The idea is to change criminals perceptions of the rewards of crime by making the situation harder and much riskier for them. The situational concept of crime prevention was developed initially in the 1980s by criminologist Ronald Clarke. Clarke (1992) suggested that the most effective way to prevent crime is to implement strategies that create conditions which make it harder for criminals to commit crime. Thus, as an intervention model, situational crime prevention requires the proper identification of routines, factors, and patterns associated with criminal activity. Clarke Cornish (2003) presented five types of techniques which criminology practitioners should consider when using the situational model: 1) incr easing effort required to commit crimes; 2) increasing risks of committing crimes; 3) reducing rewards out of crimes; 4) reducing conditions that provoke crime; and 5) removing excuses for committing crimes (as cited in Homel, 2005, p. 132). Social crime prevention. The theory of social crime prevention aims to prevent offending by changing not the physical environment but the social environment. Social prevention intends to create social conditions that will deter potential or actual offenders from doing crimes. Hence, strategies associated with social crime prevention include empowering communities with resources and programmes that create a diversion from criminal behaviour. As an intervention model, social prevention focuses on youth and children, and programmes liked to this model including employment programmes, skills building activities, leisure programmes, youth drop-in centres, and other activities that increase productive behaviour. Developmental crime prevention. Developmental crime prevention as a theory strives to link childhood development with later delinquency. Researchers that have conducted prevention experiments were able to establish that factors surrounding early childhood are significant precursors to delinquent behaviour. These risks to delinquency include poor parenting, socially disruptive behaviour, and cognitive deficits (Sutton Cherney, 2002). Poor parenting could involve factors such as neglect, conflict in the home, deviant behaviour of parents, and early experience of family disruption (Homel, 2005). Among the developmental intervention strategies used courses related to proper parenting and other school-based measures. Crime Prevention Programmes The theoretical concepts of crime prevention discussed earlier have generated various intervention strategies all aimed to preventing crime. Situational prevention. Situational prevention strategies aim at designing the physical environment in order to make it less desirable and riskier for individuals to commit crime. Advocates of situational prevention strategies are more likely than advocates of other models to claim empirical effectiveness in preventing crime. Situational prevention involves among others, identifying cities that are crime hotspots, the use of surveillance cameras or CCTV cameras, screens, reducing cash-handling among banks to curb robbery, the use of boom gates to reduce car theft, and the use of undergrounds inroads to prevent vandalism and graffiti (OMalley, 1997). One of the strongest critiques against situational prevention is that the approach is inherently biases in favour of the rich and against the poor. Moreover, opponents claim that the opportunity reduction strategy gives only cosmetic remedies and that crime involves economic and cultural aspects associated with capitalism and mass consume rist ideology (OMalley, 1997). Social prevention. In lieu of situational prevention techniques, some criminologists have advocated social prevention instead because of the view that crime as a social problem is deeply ingrained within the economic and cultural structures in society. One of the most prominent social prevention strategies implemented was the Bonnemaison programme of Epinay, France, named after the towns mayor, Monsieur Gilbert Bonnemaison, MP (Cornish, 1995). This programme was implemented in France during a period of turmoil characterised by high levels of unemployment, ethnic rioting, and violence. The French central government collaborated with the local governments to develop diversionary programmes for the youth and made it a national priority. Some of these crime prevention programmes inspired by the Bonnemaison strategy include (Cornish, 1995): education of young people; re-training of those who failed to cope in the education system; better housing; employment; adequate health service; aid to victims of crime; better conditions for immigrants and ethnic minority groups; drug abuse treatment; after school activities for the young; provision of youth, cultural, training and recreation centres in each council area. (p. 188) Another overseas example of successful social prevention strategies include the so-called head start projects pioneered in the United States since the 1960s. These programmes focused on social justice as a crime deterrent by empowering poor and disadvantaged families with educational and other family enrichment programmes (Cornish, 1995). To date, several community-based and community development strategies of crime prevention have been modelled after the social prevention concept. Hybrid or whole of government approaches. Instead of focusing solely on just one crime prevention strategy, several programmes have combined several strategies and developed so-called hybrid programmes or whole of government approaches as it is known in Australia (Homel, 2005). An example of this customised approach toward crime prevention is the Safety Action Projects implemented in Surfers Paradise and Queensland during the middle of the 90s. Other projects that were national in scale include Safer Australia and subsequently, the National Campaign Against Violence and Crime (NCAVAC) geared at the promotion of community-based crime prevention through coordination and operational partnerships with local and central government (Homel, 2005). Conclusion Crime impacts overall quality of life because it influences ones actions, where one lives, how one travels, people one associates with, and others. The major conceptual models of crime prevention are the situational, social, and developmental crime prevention strategies. However, there has been increasing acceptance that crime is more complex in nature so that not one single strategy is effective in deterring crime. The emergence of hybrid approaches toward crime addresses both situational and social factors, and is considered to be more appropriate for the complexity of the 21st century. Supply management: A complex function Supply management: A complex function 1. INTRODUCTION Supply management is a complex function thats critical to business success, responsible for delivering efficient costs, high quality, fast delivery and continuous innovation throughout companies entire supply chains. The strategic contribution of supply management is measured not only in savings made, but also in increased shareholder value (Niezen, Weller Deringer, 2007). Nike and Adidas are two global companies try to improve their competitive advantage through strategically managing and utilizing their supply chain. The purpose of this report is to compare and evaluate the supply chain management practices of Nike Adidas. 2. CORPORATE PROFILE 2.1 Nike Corporate Profile Based in Beaverton, Oregon, and employing approximately 29,000 people worldwide, Nike Inc. is the worlds leading designer and marketer of authentic athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories for a wide variety of sports and fitness activities (Comtex, 2002; Nikebiz, 2007a). Nike holds a 32 percent worldwide market share, a $20 billion market cap (Koch, 2004), has 40,000 stock-keeping units of goods (Mongelluzzo, 2002) and sells over 120,000 products in four cycles per year (Koch, 2004). 2.2. Adidas Corporate Profile Adidas is a leading producer of sportswear and sports equipment, offering its products primarily through four brands: Adidas, TaylorMade-Adidas Golf, Maxfli and Reebok (Datamonitor, 2007) The Adidas group and its 150+ subsidiaries are directed from the headquarters in Herzogenaurach, Germany, and employ 26,376 people (Adidas, 2007) The Adidas product line includes more than 20,000 items, with thousands of product variations. To keep up with market demand, the company changes its product range twice a year; more often if new technologies are available and in demand (Webex, 2004). 3. REPORT SCOPE Nike and Adidas are global players across a number of product categories. Supply chain management practices vary as the different products across the portfolios work towards different objectives. Due to the wide scope of product categories, the following report limits itself to analyzing the supply chain management practices of Nike and Adidas within the context of the global footwear market. Key supply chain processes under analysis include; manufacturing flow management supplier relationship management, demand management, order fulfillment customer services and relationship management (Lambert, 2007). 4. MANUFACTURING FLOW MANAGEMENT 4.1 Outsourcing as procurement strategy The international sports shoe industry is typified by the large scale vertical disintegration of functions and high levels of subcontracting activity. Multinationals such as Nike and Adidas no longer manufacture products, relying strongly on outsourcing all production in low-cost overseas labor markets, invariably resulting in the majority being manufactured in Asia. Outsourcing practices allow Nike and Adidas to focus on their core competencies; marketing, design and product innovation, areas in which they can best achieve a competitive advantage (Anderson, 2005). The trade-off to outsourcing to offshore manufacturers is that companies face substantially longer lead-times for delivery typically taking six to eleven weeks to receive products from Asia (Sahling, 2007). Efficiencies gained in terms of reduced wages are countered by the increased difficulty of monitoring the product and the actual working conditions in the factories (Van Dusen, 1998). Also, Nike Adidas production capa bilities are governed by the economic state of emerging markets; as countries prosper, there is a need to find new, low cost opportunities. Conversely, production could also be affected by external factors such as natural disasters or political instability. 4.1.1 Nike Approach Asia provides the majority of Nikes manufacturing and distribution, delivering to more than 80 destinations throughout the world, which now accounts for 65% of U.S. imports (Mongelluzzo, 2002). China now supplies 40% of Nikes U.S. consumption, increasing its reliance on southern Chinese ports (such as the Yantian port) instead of the port of Hong Kong (Field, 2003a). Yantian currently handles about 20% of Nikes volume from China, and approximately 10% is shipped from the port of Qingdao (Field, 2003a). The Yantian port has increased efficiency due to the close proximity to the Nike factory base, and quicker transits to the States (Field, 2003a). Nike places more importance on choosing the right local partners, not just the right ports. Nike doesnt own any of its facilities, and local partners make important logistics decisions (Field, 2003a). To manage relationships, Nike has both a global and regional vendor management team as output volume increases, Nike dont expand the number of suppliers, but increase the volume of business they do with each supplier (Field, 2003a). The Nike production system can be stratified into three classes; developed partners, volume producers and developing sources (Donaghu Barff, 1990). Although Nike has developed different levels of supplier relationships with each class the production network is commonly classified as a virtual enterprise where independent firms work together based on shared values and a common way of doing business to exploit a business opportunity through joint manufacturing (Pfohl Buse, 2000). 4.1.2 Adidas Approach Adidas has also been referred to as a virtual enterprise however, it may be better characterized as a strategic network because its supply chain utilizes three different types of suppliers; The first group have a direct contractual business relationship with Adidas, whilst the second group, subcontractors, are companies that have been subcontracted by their suppliers and do not have a direct business relationship with Adidas; and thee third group includes local sourcing companies, which source and manufacture products for local markets, rather than group-wide distribution (Adidas, 2002). Further, Adidas provides all of their suppliers with detailed technical and design specifications for the production and delivery of products, with strict quality control enforcement and inspections (Pfohl Buse, 2000), rather than adopting co-operation techniques and joint manufacturing ideals. 4.2 Lean Manufacturing Principles Lead Time Reduction According to Gernaat (2006), the fashion (footwear) market characterized by short product life cycle, high variety, high demand volatility, low demand predictability, low volumes and high level of impulse purchase. Therefore short lead times are highly important functions of responsive, reactive and flexible supply chains (Gernaat, 2006). Global sourcing creates longer lead times, and more complex supply chains. Nike and Adidas have instituted lean manufacturing principles to rationalize the supply chain processes and decrease costs. However, lean manufacturing approaches leave the companies more vulnerable to potential stock outs and there is increased reliance upon other supply chain elements running in sync and without interruption. 4.2.1 Nike Approach Nike utilizes several subcontracting arrangements that allow the company: a high degree of flexibility in dynamic and fluid markets a flexible demand-driven production system to shift production between factories and countries; opening plants and signing contracts that potentially only last a year and it to utilize capacity subcontracting methods to meet variable market demands (Donaghu Barff, 1990). Nike is upgrading its supply chain to try to drive the manufacturing cycle for a sneaker down from nine months to six to match its lead time to retailers ordering schedule. Nike aims to manufacture its sneakers to order rather than three months in advance (Donaghu Barff, 1990). Nikes new supply chain, using just-in-time management already active in the US and Europe enables shipment of products to customers faster. Select retailers receive delivery within days rather than months; cutting costs and improving profits by freeing up inventory and increasing sales (Herzog, 2003) 4.2.2 Adidas Approach Prior to 2002, Adidas operations were traditional batch and queue, and stored in warehouses until the order was processed. As part of its overhaul of its supply chain, Adidas sought to significantly reduce footwear lead times by introducing lean manufacturing principles across its supplier network. The time-to-market initiative involved a coordinated, global effort on behalf of Adidas and its consultants which included training suppliers, technology improvements in supply chain planning and a focus on internal design processes (Productivity Press, 2006). Efficient implementation of lean manufacturing principles also removed non-value-adding procedures, improved labeling and special handling to reduce lead time (Datamonitor, 2007). The reduction in lead time also lead to a 33% increase in correct product choice, increased accuracy in ordering and in some cases, resulted in larger orders as customers were less risk averse and displayed increased commitment (Productivity Press, 2006). 4.3 Centralisation 3rd Party Logistics Specialisation 4.3.1 Nike Approach The theme of Nikes sneaker supply chain is centralisation. All product design, factory contracting and delivery is planned and co-coordinated from Beaverton, Oregon (Koch, 2004). Nike runs a single instance of SAP R/3 (a single planning engine), and centralised demand management to work with outsourced suppliers (MSI, 2004). Nike is currently pursuing a total information integration strategy integrating ERP (enterprise resource planning), supply chain planning and CRM software onto a single platform shared by Nike operations in North America, as well as Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Initial results are promising; improved financial visibility, cash flow management, revenue forecasting, and taking advantage of shifting exchange rates through the re-allocation of Nikes cash resources (Koch, 2004). Nikes key supply chain strategy is through achieving up-to-date shipment data that can be used to make the supply chain more efficient, with transit time being the deciding factor over other considerations (Mongelluzzo, 2002). Nike has pared its number of logistics providers from five to two. Nikes two third-party logistics providers specialise in data management APL Logistics handles eastbound shipments to the U.S., Canada and Latin America and Maersk Logistics manages U.S. outbound shipments (Mongelluzzo, 2002). Nike requires transportation vendors to provide: Geographic coverage of U.S., Canada and Latin America Carrier specialisation Multiple ports of entry Multiple consortia Expedited air and courier services Cargo security EDI interface Data and documentation management (Mongeluzzo, 2002). For 60 percent of cargo from Asia, Nike controls the transportation move from Asian factories directly to the distribution centres of its U.S. retailer customers. The company moves the rest through its own U.S. distribution centres, where they are stored until a retailer needs them (Field, 2003b). Although the shipper and its logistics partners manage the supply chain, decisions on how much to ship and when to ship it are made in response to customer needs Demand drives the logistics strategy (Mongelluzzo, 2002). 4.3.2 Adidas Approach Traditionally Adidas has operated in a decentralized manner, with separate operating units independently choosing software that suited their internal preferences and geography (Tibco, 2007). Since 2002, Adidas has begun implementing common processes to help establish a global direction and help regain its competitive advantage. Tibco software was implemented to streamline and automate its business operations, improving flexibility, scalability and visibility across the enterprise helping to reduce product delivery times (Tibco, 2007). Similarly, Adidas inadequate paper-based warehouse and distribution systems were replaced with unique WMS and RF software to halve distribution costs, reduce labour costs and improve accuracy and efficiency through automated cross-checking of all orders (CIPA, 2004). John Hamilton, the Development Manager for Supply Chain Applications noted that We use third-party manufacturing so we are involved with a lot of different partners, from people who manufacture our product, to people who manufacture our raw materials, to the distributors that sell our product throughout the world We had a bit of a lag in our ability to see downstream demand Its hard to see the end customers demand because we are working through a lot of different subsidiaries. (i2, 2004) i2 solutions replaced the home-grown planning system, to ensure that Adidas continued to meet the needs of customers, suppliers, and consumers enabling the company to reduce order confirmation times and to get products to market faster through its ability to improve asset utilization, factory fill rates, and to plan at multiple lead times (ibid). Adidas moved further toward a centralization strategy as it implemented logistics software SAP AFS to facilitate process and system standardization worldwide, providing a solution that supported a consolidated global focus. Adidas chose the software because AFS is specific to the apparel and footwear industry with its emphasis on seasonal fluctuation, proliferation of design variations and product characteristics, multiple distribution channels and customer-service requirements, and outsourced manufacturing (SAP, 2002). Adidas consolidated the distribution system into UPS, a single streamlined network, with automated inventory and fulfillment systems that rapidly scaled its services and add enhancements as required (UPS, 2005) 4.4 Supplier Relationship Management 4.4.1 Nike Approach Athletic footwear producers use similar techniques to promote stability and trust in their relationships with subcontractors; Nike develops and produces all high-end products with exclusive partners, while its volume producers manufacture more standardized footwear that experience larger fluctuations in demand (Donaghu Barff, 1990). Nikes strategies for alliance involve: Seeding Nike expatriate technicians into factories producing Nike footwear to function as a liaison between head office and RD to ensure smooth product development processes and maintain product control. Encouraging partners to participate in joint product development activities, sharing responsibility for the development of new footwear Stabilize production and reducing demand variance with key factories partners by placing monthly orders with partners that exclusively produce Nike products (Donaghu Barff, 1990) Nike are establishing longer-term contracts with key suppliers, operating more as partners (ibid), fostering strategic alliances and creating value-add capabilities within the supply chain. 4.4.2 Adidas Approach Adidas current approach to supplier relationship management is consolidation; in 2001 it reduced the manufacturing base by over 25% with a medium term goal of reducing the suppler base by 40% (Adidas, 2002). The aim is to deepen relationships and therefore reliability, also to increase Adidas influence and bargaining power with suppliers. Adidas focus is on building their suppliers own capacity and internal management systems in health and safety and human resource management, seeking to develop sustainable compliance processes and to drive self-enforcement (Anderson, 2005) 5. DEMAND MANAGEMENT 5.1 Forecasting Order Fulfillment Gernaat (2006) argues that accurate forecasting is highly difficult in the fashion industry, as it is characterized by short PLCs, volatile demand and high variety. Wide product lines are challenged by an increasing individualization of demand, which Nike and Adidas combat by creating an increasing number of variants (Berger Piller, 2003). This makes forecasting and planning for the companies increasingly difficult which has the potential to result in high overstocks, increased supply chain complexity and the need to provide significant markdowns to get rid of surplus stock (ibid). Forecast accuracy can be increased through flexible supply chains with shorter lead times. However Gernaat (2006) also points to the use of Point Of Sale data to adjust forecasts and quick response programs to respond accordingly as a way of combating inaccuracies. Nikes forecasting is largely based on its Futures program, where retailers must order up to 80% of their merchandise inventory 6 months in advance in order to get substantial discounts and guaranteed delivery times (Porter, Harris Yeung, 2002). The futures ordering program allows Nike to minimize the amount of inventory held, purchasing costs, the time necessary to fill customer orders, and the risk of non-delivery (Nikebiz, 2007b). Nike gained a significant competitive advantage in the 90s as retailers were eager to secure discounts and guaranteed delivery times. Nike now faces pressure from customers and rivals because retailers are more reluctant to commit to ordering 6 months in advance as consumers tastes are increasingly fickle and smaller, more agile rivals are willing and able to work within shorter order cycles. Nike also is behind its rivals in direct point-of-sale (POS) integration with retailers; supply chain experts believe that actual store data, rather than software algorithms, are the best predictors of demand, but Nikes SAP system cannot yet accept POS data (Koch, 2004). Adidas recently launched World Class Supply Chain initiative appears to be moving away from a forecast-based supply chain to a demand-driven supply chain. The company has re-engineered its supply chain to customize its business to five differentiated and dynamic business models which target consumer needs (Adidas, 2006). The initiative covers the whole concept-to-shelf process and incorporates marketing, sales and operations functions; Brand Model delivers Adidas brand statement products, supported by comprehensive customer service, marketing, retail and supply chain capabilities (launched 2006) Evergreen Model short lead times and never-out-of-stock capabilities for Adidas most commercial and long life cycle product lines (launched 2006). Quick Response model seizes additional market opportunities with a 3-6 month concept-to-shelf process (launched 2007) Global/Regional model creates regional adaptations of global concepts to reflect consumer needs in regional markets (launched 2007) 2008 model aims to reduce the percentage of products turned around with 18 months lead time to only 25%. (Adidas, 2006) 5.2 Customer Service Relationship Management The success of global supply chains is the value they add to their ultimate customers in terms of the cost/price and the related services they provide (Coyle, Bardi Langley, 2003). IT can play a significant role in facilitating customer service that provides the opportunity to remain competitive, improve differential advantage and finally, gain market share (ibid). Advances in IT allow sharing real-time information between supply chain partners, which facilitates better inventory management which increases customer service and value. Sharing data also strengthens relationships between supplier and customer, as there is a development on trust and reliability. However, it is important to note that increased reliance on IT and software can potentially negatively affect positive customer service outcomes. Nike and Adidas have both been exposed to the negative consequences; Nike lost $100million in revenue due to software bugs in its supply planning software in 2001 (Interestingly this is the i2 solutions supply chain planning software that Adidas has taken on board), and Adidas first attempt at implementing WMS software resulted in massive market share losses in 1996 when the system failed to work and could not process orders (Supply Chain Digest, 2006). 5.2.1 Mass Customisation Pillar et al (2004) see information technology, along with flexible manufacturing practices as facilitators of mass customization and its promise to deliver goods and services that meet individual customer needs with near mass production efficiency. Adidas and Nikes approach to mass customization provides a good example of the trade off between the increased complexity of mass customization and supply chain economies of scale. The mi Adidas concept offers a full range of shoe customization options in regard to fit, functionality and aesthetic design. In contrast, Nikes NikeId program, in line with its highly centralized approach, limits customer integration and feedback by only offering the different colour choices of a shoes components (Piller, Moeslein Stotko, 2004). Relative to Nike, the degree of product, process and information complexity is much higher for Adidas thus incurring increased supply chain costs. However the costs are offset by higher premiums charged up to 50% co mpared to the customized shoes of Nike (between 5% and 10%) (ibid). Adidas develops a learning relationship with consumers through the brand interaction, increasing the revenue from each transaction because as well as the actual product benefits, the simplified purchasing decision process entices repeat purchase, thus creating loyalty (Piller, Moeslein Stotko, 2004) and deepening customer relationships. The mass consumption concept can also help generate better customer service and relationship management, as Adidas gains sticky knowledge about its consumers; valuable market research which could help inform more efficient planning for new products for the mass market segment (ibid). 6. KEY FACTOR ANALYSIS Coyle, Bardi Langley (2003) argue that the key factors of successful supply chain management include inventory, cost, information, and customer service and collaboration relationships. Based on the above inventory management, financial measurement and performance measures, Nikes tightly controlled, centralized supply chain management practices appear to have the advantage over Adidas; in fact, Nike was recognized as being one of the top 25 companies that exhibit superior supply chain capabilities and performance (AMR, 2007). Such performance indicators strongly suggest that Adidas has a continued need to improve operating efficiency, inventory management and also seek to deploy assets in more profitable avenues (Datamonitor, 2007). Adidas relatively poor financial performance (compared to industry leader Nike) was recorded across the 2002-2006 period, during which the company began to implement substantial changes across its supply chain management processes. Adidas has significantly centralized and automated elements of its supply chain, boosting efficiency and effectiveness of the processes by reducing errors and increasing productivity. At the same time it seems better equipped to accommodate consumers individualized demands through the more sophisticated mass customization practices, and increased collaborative relationships. 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